There are hundreds of play forms, social or solitary with and without the use of objects (Graham & Burghardt, 2010). Most young and large parts of adults in primates, but also in rodents, carnivores, ungulates, elephants and cetaceans, devote a significant amount of time and energy playing. The short-term effects induced by play could be a useful clinical tool for the prevention and treatment of multiple cognitive disorders. In the second crossover randomized controlled trial, comparing the effects of the same shooting with a fighting video-game in healthy young adults, we show that regardless of game characteristics, changes in positive emotions correlated with contextual reading enhancement, while play-driven biochemical activation boosted single word and pseudoword reading. Visual perception, sensorimotor and reading improvements correlated with fun. The funnier and more activating game enhanced breadth of visual perception and reduced sensorimotor and reading disorders. In the first crossover randomized controlled trial, we compared the short-term effects induced by shooting and puzzle video-games in visual perception, sensorimotor and reading skills in children with developmental coordination disorder and dyslexia. Today, video-gaming is one of the most diffused forms of play. Establishing the causal connections between play and cognitive enhancement should allow us to determine how to involve play in therapy, prevention and educational programmes. However, regardless of game specifications, cognitive enhancement could be driven by the emotions linked to play. In clinical interventions, the beneficial roles of playing have often been sought and investigated in the specific features of the game, rather than in the positive emotions generated by playing. According to established background knowledge, playing is essential in human development and a power remediation tool in clinical populations.
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